7. Dai SF, Wang LK, Wen AY, Wang LX, Jin GM. Dietary glutamine supplementation improves growth performance, meat quality and colour stability of broilers under heat stress. Br Poult Sci 2009; 50:333–40.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660902806947
8. Dai SF, Gao F, Zhang WH, Song SX, Xu XL, Zhou GH. Effects of dietary glutamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid on performance, carcass characteristics and serum parameters in broilers under circular heat stress. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011; 168:51–60.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.03.005
9. Saracila M, Panaite T, Tabuc C, et al. Dietary ascorbic acid and chromium supplementation for broilers reared under thermoneutral conditions vs. High heat stress. Scientific Papers-Animal Science Series: Lucrări Ştiinţifice – Seria Zootehnie 2020; 73:41–7.
10. Jazideh F, Farhoomand P, Daneshyar M, Najafi G. The effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on growth performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens reared under hot conditions. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2014; 38:264–70.
https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1210-32
11. Hu K, Zhang JX, Feng L, et al. Effect of dietary glutamine on growth performance, non-specific immunity, expression of cytokine genes, phosphorylation of target of rapamycin (TOR), and anti-oxidative system in spleen and head kidney of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Fish Physiol Biochem 2015; 41:635–49.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-015-0034-0
15. Abidin Z, Khatoon A. Heat stress in poultry and the beneficial effects of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation during periods of heat stress. Worlds Poult Sci J 2013; 69:135–52.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933913000123
16. Saeed M, Babazadeh D, Naveed M, et al. Reconsidering betaine as a natural anti-heat stress agent in poultry industry: a review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1329–38.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1355-z
17. He X, Lu Z, Ma B, et al. Effects of dietary taurine supplementation on growth performance, jejunal morphology, appetite-related hormones, and genes expression in broilers subjected to chronic heat stress. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2719–28.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez054
20. Aviagen. Ross 308 broiler: nutrition specifications. Huntsville, AL, USA: Aviagen Inc; 2018.
22. Lee SJ, Lee SY, Kim GD, Kim GB, Jin SK, Hur SJ. Effects of self-carbon dioxide-generation material for active packaging on pH, water-holding capacity, meat color, lipid oxidation and microbial growth in beef during cold storage. J Sci Food Agric 2017; 97:3642–8.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8223
23. Pitargue FM, Kim JH, Goo D, Delos Reyes JB, Kil DY. Effect of vitamin E sources and inclusion levels in diets on growth performance, meat quality, alpha-tocopherol retention, and intestinal inflammatory cytokine expression in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4584–94.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez149
24. Corrier DE, DeLoach JR. Evaluation of cell-mediated, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity in young chickens by an interdigital skin test. Poult Sci 1990; 69:403–8.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0690403
25. Cotter PF. An examination of the utility of heterophil-lymphocyte ratios in assessing stress of caged hens. Poult Sci 2015; 94:512–7.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/peu009
26. Gross WB, Siegel PB. Effects of initial and second periods of fasting on heterophil/lymphocyte ratios and body weight. Avian Dis 1986; 30:345–6.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1590539
27. Thieme D, Anielski P, Grosse J, Sachs H, Mueller RK. Identification of anabolic steroids in serum, urine, sweat and hair: comparison of metabolic patterns. Anal Chim Acta 2003; 483:299–306.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(02)01604-5
30. Zhang C, Zhao XH, Yang L, et al. Resveratrol alleviates heat stress-induced impairment of intestinal morphology, microflora, and barrier integrity in broilers. Poult Sci 2017; 96:4325–32.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex266
31. Song B, Li H, Wu Y, et al. Effect of microencapsulated sodium butyrate dietary supplementation on growth performance and intestinal barrier function of broiler chickens infected with necrotic enteritis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017; 232:6–15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.07.009
32. Cheng YF, Chen YP, Chen R, et al. Dietary mannan oligosaccharide ameliorates cyclic heat stress-induced damages on intestinal oxidative status and barrier integrity of broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4767–76.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez192
33. Popoola IO, Popoola OR, Adeyemi AA, et al. Overall performance, carcass yield, meat safety potentials and economic value of heat-stressed broilers fed diets with balanced electrolytes. Food Nutr Sci 2020; 11:615–28.
https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2020.117044
34. Song J, Jiao LF, Xiao K, et al. Cello-oligosaccharide ameliorates heat stress-induced impairment of intestinal microflora, morphology and barrier integrity in broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013; 185:175–81.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.08.001
35. Habashy WS, Milfort MC, Adomako K, Attia YA, Rekaya R, Aggrey SE. Effect of heat stress on amino acid digestibility and transporters in meat-type chickens. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2312–9.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex027
36. Habashy WS, Milfort MC, Fuller AL, et al. Effect of heat stress on protein utilization and nutrient transporters in meat-type chickens. Int J Biometeorol 2017; 61:2111–8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1414-1
38. Zhang JF, Bai KW, Su WP, et al. Curcumin attenuates heat-stress-induced oxidant damage by simultaneous activation of GSH-related antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2-mediated phase II detoxifying enzyme systems in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1209–19.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex408
40. Ji FJ, Wang LX, Yang HS, Hu A, Yin YL. Review: The roles and functions of glutamine on intestinal health and performance of weaning pigs. Animal 2019; 13:2727–35.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119001800
41. Farag MR, Alagawany M, El-Hack MEA, et al. Role of chromium in poultry nutrition and health: beneficial applications and toxic effects. Int J Pharmacol 2017; 13:907–15.
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2017.907.915
42. Al-Sagan AA, Al-Abdullatif A, Hussein EOS, et al. Effects of betaine supplementation on live performance, selected blood parameters, and expression of water channel and stress-related mRNA transcripts of delayed placement broiler chicks. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:632101
https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.632101
43. Ratriyanto A, Mosenthin R. Osmoregulatory function of betaine in alleviating heat stress in poultry. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2018; 102:1634–50.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12990
46. Fouad AM, Chen W, Ruan D, Wang S, Xia WG, Zheng CT. Impact of heat stress on meat, egg quality, immunity and fertility in poultry and nutritional factors that overcome these effects: A review. Int J Poult Sci 2016; 15:81–95.
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2016.81.95
48. Zhang ZY, Jia GQ, Zuo JJ, et al. Effects of constant and cyclic heat stress on muscle metabolism and meat quality of broiler breast fillet and thigh meat. Poult Sci 2012; 91:2931–7.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02255
49. Lebret B, Ecolan P, Bonhomme N, Méteau K, Prunier A. Influence of production system in local and conventional pig breeds on stress indicators at slaughter, muscle and meat traits and pork eating quality. Animal 2015; 9:1404–13.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731115000609
51. Scanes CG. Biology of stress in poultry with emphasis on glucocorticoids and the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2208–15.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew137