Anim Biosci > Volume 36(2); 2023 > Article |
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CONFLICT OF INTEREST
We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.
FUNDING
This work was financially supported by China Agriculture Research System (No. CARS-36). The authors appreciate the staff of Yinxiang Weiye Dairy Farm (Shandong, China) for their assistance in feeding, milking, and caring for the animals. We also acknowledge the members of the Institute of Dairy Science Zhejiang University for their assistance with blood sampling.
Item | Dandelion (g/d) | SEM | p-value1) | |||||
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0 | 100 | 200 | 400 | T | L | Q | ||
DMI (kg/d) | 20.6 | 20.7 | 20.8 | 20.6 | - | - | - | - |
Milk yield (kg/d) | ||||||||
Raw | 32.9b | 33.9ab | 34.7a | 33.3b | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.63 | 0.04 |
ECM2) | 32.6b | 33.6ab | 34.8a | 33.2b | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.83 | 0.03 |
Fat | 1.27 | 1.32 | 1.37 | 1.30 | 0.032 | 0.45 | 0.78 | 0.37 |
Protein | 1.05 | 1.08 | 1.12 | 1.07 | 0.021 | 0.39 | 0.86 | 0.48 |
Lactose | 1.66b | 1.70b | 1.75a | 1.68b | 0.034 | 0.05 | 0.75 | 0.05 |
Content (g/100 g) | ||||||||
Fat | 3.87 | 3.89 | 3.94 | 3.90 | 0.024 | 0.48 | 0.78 | 0.81 |
Protein | 3.27 | 3.25 | 3.29 | 3.27 | 0.075 | 0.62 | 0.29 | 0.56 |
Lactose | 5.14 | 5.12 | 5.15 | 5.12 | 0.047 | 0.49 | 0.87 | 0.50 |
MUN (mg/dL) | 11.4 | 10.8 | 11.1 | 12.0 | 0.39 | 0.16 | 0.55 | 0.30 |
SCC (103/mL) | 199.2a | 159.7b | 147.3b | 105.0b | 0.10 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.51 |
Item | Dandelion (g/d) | SEM | p-value1) | |||||
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0 | 100 | 200 | 400 | T | L | Q | ||
Total protein (g/L) | 73.9 | 73.5 | 74.8 | 72.2 | 0.59 | 0.54 | 0.79 | 0.37 |
Albumin (g/L) | 34.4 | 34.5 | 33.7 | 34.0 | 0.27 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.47 |
Globulin (g/L) | 39.4 | 39.0 | 41.0 | 38.2 | 0.76 | 0.63 | 0.86 | 0.34 |
Bilirubin (μmol/L) | 3.60 | 3.78 | 3.76 | 3.96 | 0.082 | 0.49 | 0.89 | 0.48 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 3.45b | 3.50b | 3.60a | 3.56a | 0.023 | 0.22 | 0.83 | 0.05 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 60.3 | 61.6 | 63.2 | 63.7 | 0.95 | 0.58 | 0.94 | 0.59 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.012 | 0.20 | 0.47 | 0.33 |
ALT (U/L) | 29.0 | 28.6 | 26.5 | 28.3 | 0.54 | 0.39 | 0.86 | 0.57 |
AST (U/L) | 87.6 | 89.4 | 96.3 | 87.3 | 1.88 | 0.96 | 0.29 | 0.48 |
ALP (U/L) | 48.5 | 46.1 | 47.4 | 39.6 | 1.56 | 0.44 | 0.59 | 0.37 |
BUN (mmol/L) | 4.88 | 4.74 | 5.31 | 4.96 | 0.123 | 0.28 | 0.47 | 0.39 |
NEFA (μmol/L) | 137.2 | 155.6 | 145.3 | 155.0 | 5.34 | 0.59 | 0.86 | 0.39 |
MDA (μmol/L) | 3.93a | 2.95b | 2.13b | 2.04b | 0.020 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.21 |
SOD (U/mL) | 163.5b | 165.1b | 168.6a | 169.9a | 1.83 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.85 |
GSH-Px (U/L) | 216.9b | 228.4b | 249.2a | 222.8b | 5.04 | 0.03 | 0.47 | 0.05 |
T-AOC (mmol/L) | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.011 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.58 |
Metabolites | Similarity | VIP | FC2) | p-value |
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Dodecanol | 253 | 1.75 | 2.63 | <0.01 |
9-Fluorenone | 385 | 1.52 | 2.05 | 0.01 |
Glucose | 850 | 2.26 | 2.00 | <0.01 |
Ribose | 713 | 1.23 | 1.94 | 0.03 |
Valine | 905 | 1.58 | 1.81 | 0.03 |
Salicylic acid | 451 | 1.37 | 1.68 | 0.02 |
Thioctamide | 257 | 1.60 | 1.63 | 0.04 |
Glutamic acid | 690 | 1.14 | 1.54 | 0.02 |
Phenylalanine | 836 | 1.06 | 1.47 | 0.03 |
2-Amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid | 292 | 2.15 | 1.34 | 0.01 |
Dihydrocarveol | 313 | 2.13 | 1.31 | 0.01 |
Cytidine-monophosphate | 466 | 1.57 | 1.26 | 0.04 |
1-Methylhydantoin | 202 | 1.84 | 1.22 | 0.04 |
Palmitic acid | 935 | 1.49 | 1.21 | 0.04 |
Glucose-1-phosphate | 777 | 1.72 | 1.17 | 0.05 |
Mannose | 888 | 1.60 | 1.16 | 0.03 |
2-Hydroxypyridine | 887 | 1.79 | 1.15 | 0.03 |
Cystine | 232 | 1.64 | 1.14 | 0.04 |
Methylmalonic acid | 572 | 1.48 | 1.10 | 0.04 |
Maleamate | 452 | 1.69 | 0.59 | 0.03 |
Digitoxose | 249 | 1.87 | 0.52 | 0.05 |
Threonine | 539 | 1.92 | 0.43 | 0.03 |
Indolelactate | 533 | 1.82 | 0.39 | 0.03 |