|
Item | Dietary NE concentrations (MJ/kg, calculated) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||
8.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | |
Ingredient (%) | |||||
Corn | 35.60 | 53.00 | 62.95 | 65.08 | 62.25 |
Corn distillers dried grains with solubles | 15.20 | 10.00 | 5.00 | 3.20 | - |
Soybean meal, 48% CP | 3.48 | 11.92 | 16.00 | 20.00 | 22.64 |
Soybean oil | - | 0.20 | 2.22 | 5.76 | 10.50 |
Sugar beet pulp | 21.15 | 12.12 | 4.00 | - | - |
Palm kernel meal | 5.00 | 2.86 | 1.40 | - | - |
Copra meal | 15.00 | 5.00 | 3.00 | 0.20 | - |
Molasses | 2.50 | 2.50 | 2.50 | 2.50 | 1.00 |
MDCP | 0.57 | 0.77 | 0.96 | 1.13 | 1.32 |
Limestone | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.67 |
L-Lysine | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.37 |
DL-Methionine | - | - | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.11 |
L-Threonine | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.14 |
L-Tryptophan | 0.03 | - | - | - | - |
NaCl | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Mineral and vitamin premix1 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Nutrients (%, calculated) | |||||
SID amino acids | |||||
Lys | 0.66 | 0.74 | 0.82 | 0.90 | 0.98 |
Met+Cys | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.55 |
Thr | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.60 |
Trp | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.17 |
Total Ca | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.63 |
Total P | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.57 |
Nutrients (%, analysis) | |||||
CP | 14.38 | 14.80 | 14.99 | 17.20 | 15.41 |
Ash | 4.81 | 4.52 | 4.25 | 5.54 | 3.20 |
EE | 2.50 | 2.31 | 4.36 | 9.78 | 11.48 |
Acid-hydrolyzed EE | 5.73 | 6.20 | 7.52 | 12.74 | 13.98 |
ADF | 17.26 | 10.19 | 7.08 | 5.75 | 3.48 |
DM | 89.52 | 89.00 | 89.17 | 90.26 | 89.93 |
Starch (enzymatically) | 25.49 | 36.53 | 44.61 | 46.77 | 43.78 |
Starch (polarimetric) | 25.76 | 36.63 | 42.14 | 44.22 | 40.24 |
Sugar | 4.60 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 3.60 |
NE, net energy; MDCP, mono-dicalcium phosphate; SID, standardized ileal digestible; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; ADF, acid detergent fiber; DM, dry matter.
1 Provided per kilogram of the complete diet (as-fed basis): vitamin A, 10,000 IU; vitamin D3, 2,000 IU; vitamin E, 20 mg; vitamin K3, 2 mg; thiamine, 2 mg; riboflavin, 5 mg; niacin, 20 mg; pantothenic acid, 10 mg; pyridoxine, 5 mg; biotin, 0.2 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; vitamin B12, 0.03 mg; choline chloride, 600 mg; ascorbic acid, 40 mg; Fe, 100 mg as ferrous carbonate; Cu, 20 mg as copper sulfate; Zn, 100 mg as zinc oxide; Mn, 40 mg as manganous oxide; I, 0.6 mg as calcium iodate; Se, 0.3 mg as sodium selenite; and Co, 1 mg as cobalt sulfate.
Item | Dietary NE concentrations (MJ/kg) | SEM | p-value2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
8.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | T | L | Q | ||
DM | 81.6e | 85.5d | 87.9c | 89.5b | 92.0a | 0.32 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
CP | 73.3e | 81.2d | 85.2c | 89.1b | 91.6a | 0.61 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
AEE | 69.6e | 74.6d | 78.2c | 85.8b | 90.3a | 0.66 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.22 |
OM (DM basis) | 81.7e | 85.9d | 88.6c | 90.5b | 92.7a | 0.33 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
ADF | 65.8b | 64.2b | 63.9b | 70.9a | 64.6b | 1.63 | 0.03 | 0.43 | 0.73 |
NE, net energy; SEM, standard error of the mean; DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; AEE, acid hydrolysis ether extract; OM, organic matter; ADF, acid detergent fiber.
Item | Dietary NE concentrations (MJ/kg) | SEM | p-value2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
8.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | T | L | Q | ||
DCP3 | 118e | 135d | 143c | 170a | 157b | 1.10 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
DEE4 | 8d | 8d | 31c | 88b | 113a | 0.60 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
DOM5 | 773d | 815c | 843b | 849b | 894a | 3.10 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.15 |
DADF6 | 127a | 73b | 51c | 45d | 25e | 1.20 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
DM, dry matter; NE, net energy; SEM, standard error of the mean; DCP, digestible crude protein, DEE, digestible ether extract (DEE concentrations were calculated with the amounts of feed EE and fecal AEE); DOM, digestible organic matter; DADF, digestible acid detergent fiber.
Item | Dietary NE concentrations (MJ/kg) | SEM | p-value2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
8.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | T | L | Q | ||
Calculated DE3 (kcal/kg) | 2,815 | 3,057 | 3,279 | 3,533 | 3,788 | ||||
Measured DE4 (kcal/kg) | 2,789e | 2,920d | 3,077c | 3,462b | 3,825a | 12.0 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Calculated ME3 (kcal/kg) | 2,684 | 2,933 | 3,162 | 3,413 | 3,669 | ||||
Measured ME4 (kcal/kg) | 2,707e | 2,822d | 2,985c | 3,369b | 3,738a | 12.5 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Measured ME:DE ratio (%) | 97.1bc | 96.7c | 97.0bc | 97.3ab | 97.7a | 0.15 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 |
2 T, overall effects of treatments; L, linear effects of increasing NE concentrations in diets; Q, quadratic effects of increasing NE concentrations in diets.
3 DE and ME values were calculated from Sauvant et al. (2004).
Item | Dietary NE concentrations (MJ/kg) | SEM | p-value2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
8.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | T | L | Q | ||
Calculated NE3 (kcal/kg) | 1,912 | 2,151 | 2,390 | 2,629 | 2,868 | ||||
NEINRA1-74 (kcal/kg) | 1,867e | 2,046d | 2,238c | 2,594b | 2,899a | 9.1 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
NEINRA1-85 (kcal/kg) | 1,835e | 2,034d | 2,228c | 2,587b | 2,885a | 8.4 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
NEINRA1-96 (kcal/kg) | 1,839e | 2,130d | 2,403c | 2,752b | 3,012a | 6.8 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.66 |
NEINRA7 (kcal/kg) | 1,847e | 2,070d | 2,290c | 2,644b | 2,932a | 7.8 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
NECVB8 (kcal/kg) | 2,207e | 2,444d | 2,672c | 3,053b | 3,206a | 7.6 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.63 |
NECVB:NEINRA ratio (%) | 120a | 118b | 117c | 115d | 109e | 0.1 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
NE, net energy; CVB, Centraal Veevoederbureau (Central Bureau for Livestock Feeding); SEM, standard error of the mean.
2 T, overall effects of treatments; L, linear effects of increasing NE concentrations in diets; Q, quadratic effects of increasing NE concentrations in diets.
3 Calculated NE values, based on Sauvant et al. (2004) and NRC (2012).
Item | Dietary NE concentrations (MJ/kg) | SEM | p-value2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
8.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | T | L | Q | ||
Initial BW (kg) | 48.02 | 47.70 | 48.14 | 47.69 | 47.71 | 1.114 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 0.96 |
Final BW (kg) | 77.75c | 84.43b | 87.79ab | 89.09ab | 89.51a | 1.780 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
ADG (kg) | 0.71c | 0.86b | 0.94ab | 0.99a | 1.00a | 0.264 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
ADFI (kg) | 2.43b | 2.80a | 2.79a | 2.74a | 2.63ab | 0.860 | 0.02 | 0.21 | <0.01 |
G:F3 | 0.29d | 0.31cd | 0.34bc | 0.36ab | 0.38a | 0.010 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.75 |
NE, net energy; SEM, standard error of the mean; BW, body weight; ADG, average daily gain; ADFI, average daily feed intake; G:F, feed efficiency.
Item | Dietary NE concentrations (MJ/kg) | SEM | p-value2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
8.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | T | L | Q | ||
French NE system | |||||||||
NEINRA intake (kcal/kg BWG) | 6,429b | 6,646b | 6,773b | 7,378a | 7,757a | 201.3 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.28 |
Dutch CVB NE system | |||||||||
NECVB intake (kcal/kg BWG) | 7,683b | 7,846b | 7,903ab | 8,519a | 8,482a | 233.6 | 0.03 | <0.01 | 0.85 |