Anim Biosci > Volume 33(4); 2020 > Article |
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Items | Groups1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
1 to 21 d | ||||||
Ingredients | ||||||
Corn | 59.96 | 56.83 | 55.92 | 53.48 | 54.49 | 53.20 |
Soybean meal | 30.39 | 32.10 | 30.58 | 31.07 | 26.72 | 25.46 |
Fish meal | 3.68 | 2.41 | 3.10 | 2.59 | 5.00 | 5.55 |
Cultured medium of I. cicadae | 0.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 6.00 | 8.00 | 10.00 |
Soybean oil | 2.28 | 2.75 | 2.59 | 2.98 | 2.30 | 2.31 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 1.44 | 1.59 | 1.53 | 1.58 | 1.32 | 1.32 |
Limestone | 1.18 | 1.24 | 1.20 | 1.22 | 1.10 | 1.09 |
Sodium chloride | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 |
DL-methionime (98.5%) | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
Premix2) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Nutrient levels3) | ||||||
ME (Mcal/kg) | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
Crude protein (%) | 21.53 | 21.56 | 21.53 | 21.58 | 21.57 | 21.59 |
Calcium (%) | 1.02 | 0.98 | 1.15 | 1.01 | 1.12 | 1.01 |
Total phosphorus (%) | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.69 |
Lysine (%) | 1.26 | 1.25 | 1.29 | 1.26 | 1.21 | 1.25 |
Methionine (%) | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.57 |
22 to 42 d | ||||||
Ingredients | ||||||
Corn | 59.95 | 58.71 | 57.51 | 56.29 | 55.20 | 54.05 |
Soybean meal | 31.83 | 31.55 | 31.32 | 31.07 | 30.82 | 30.58 |
Fish meal | 0.40 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.43 |
Cultured medium of I.cicadae | 0.00 | 1.33 | 2.67 | 4.00 | 5.32 | 6.67 |
Soybean oil | 4.16 | 4.30 | 4.40 | 4.53 | 4.55 | 4.61 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 1.40 | 1.43 | 1.43 | 1.43 | 1.43 | 1.43 |
Limestone | 1.23 | 1.21 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 |
Sodium chloride | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 |
DL-methionime (98.5%) | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
Premix2) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Nutrient levels3) | ||||||
ME (Mcal/kg) | 3.10 | 3.10 | 3.10 | 3.10 | 3.10 | 3.10 |
Crude protein (%) | 20.28 | 20.13 | 20.12 | 20.15 | 20.08 | 20.08 |
Calcium (%) | 0.97 | 0.89 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.91 | 0.93 |
Total phosphorus (%) | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.66 |
Lysine (%) | 1.19 | 1.21 | 1.07 | 1.12 | 1.21 | 1.15 |
Methionine (%) | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.45 |
1) The experiment applied a corn and soybean-meal based diet which was supplemented with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, or 10% culture media of solid-state fermented Isaria cicadae in phase I (from d 1 to 21) for groups 1 to 6 respectively, and 0%, 1.33%, 2.67%, 4.00%, 5.32%, or 6.67% in phase II (from d 22 to 42) for groups 1 to 6.
2) Premix provided the following per kg of complete diet: vitamin A, 10,000 IU; vitamin D3, 2,750 IU; vitamin E, 30 IU; vitamin K3, 2 mg; vitamin B1, 1.5 mg; vitamin B2, 6 mg; vitamin B6, 3 mg; vitamin B12, 12 μg; nicotinic acid, 40 mg; pantothenic acid, 12 mg; folic acid, 0.8 mg; biotin, 0.2 mg; Zn, 100 mg; Mn, 150 mg; Fe, 95 mg; Cu, 10 mg; I, 1.25 mg; Se, 0.3 mg.
Items | Groups1) | SEM | p value | |||||||
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ANOVA | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Body weight, initial | 42.9 | 42.9 | 43.1 | 42.9 | 42.9 | 43.0 | 0.16 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.92 |
21 d (g) | 822.9c | 839.1bc | 840.7bc | 863.4a | 854.9ab | 836.3bc | 4.45 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
42 d (g) | 2,307 | 2,356.6 | 2,349.3 | 2,345.9 | 2,367.2 | 2,308.5 | 17.06 | 0.08 | 0.95 | <0.01 |
1 to 21 d | ||||||||||
Feed intake (g/bird) | 1,044b | 1,069ab | 1,076ab | 1,094a | 1,083ab | 1,066ab | 9.4 | 0.02 | 0.04 | <0.01 |
Body weight gain (g/bird) | 780c | 796bc | 798bc | 820a | 812ab | 793bc | 4.4 | <0.01 | 0.04 | <0.01 |
F:G | 1.34 | 1.34 | 1.35 | 1.33 | 1.33 | 1.34 | 0.01 | 0.92 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Mortality rate (%) | 2.78 | 2.78 | 1.85 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 1.49 | 0.86 | 0.23 | 0.79 |
22 to 42 d | ||||||||||
Feed intake (g/bird) | 2,932 | 3,000 | 3,026 | 3,020 | 3,056 | 2,927 | 64.3 | 0.67 | 0.90 | 0.07 |
Body weight gain (g/bird) | 1,486 | 1,517 | 1,509 | 1,483 | 1,512 | 1,472 | 15.3 | 0.23 | 0.70 | 0.02 |
F:G | 1.98 | 1.98 | 2.00 | 2.05 | 2.03 | 1.99 | 0.05 | 0.86 | 0.65 | 0.56 |
Mortality rate (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - |
1 to 42 d | ||||||||||
Feed intake (g/bird) | 3,973 | 4,070 | 4,101 | 4,100 | 4,139 | 3,997 | 61.7 | 0.39 | 0.53 | 0.04 |
Body weight gain (g/bird) | 2,265 | 2,314 | 2,306 | 2,303 | 2,324 | 2,265 | 16.8 | 0.08 | 0.85 | 0.02 |
F:G | 1.76 | 1.76 | 1.78 | 1.78 | 1.78 | 1.77 | 0.03 | 0.98 | 0.64 | 0.50 |
Mortality rate (%) | 2.78 | 2.78 | 1.85 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 1.49 | 0.86 | 0.23 | 0.79 |
1) The experiment applied a corn and soybean-meal based diet which was supplemented with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, or 10% culture media of solid-state fermented Isaria cicadae in phase I (from d 1 to 21) for groups 1 to 6 respectively, and 0%, 1.33%, 2.67%, 4.00%, 5.32% or 6.67% in phase II (from d 22 to 42) for groups 1 to 6.
Items | Groups1) | SEM | p value | |||||||
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ANOVA | Linear | Quadratic | ||
21 d | ||||||||||
ALT (U/L) | 10.6 | 8.15 | 6.28 | 6.73 | 10.87 | 11.67 | 2.17 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.05 |
AST (U/L) | 138.6 | 151.4 | 140.0 | 148.4 | 177.4 | 147.3 | 18.0 | 0.69 | 0.36 | 0.73 |
TP (g/L) | 22.82 | 23.22 | 24.03 | 20.55 | 22.53 | 25.32 | 2.31 | 0.79 | 0.70 | 0.41 |
ALB (g/L) | 9.12 | 9.33 | 9.43 | 8.02 | 9.23 | 9.57 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.94 | 0.50 |
GLU (mmol/L) | 11.21 | 11.64 | 10.96 | 9.83 | 10.69 | 10.68 | 0.92 | 0.82 | 0.33 | 0.59 |
TBiL (μmol/L) | 8.77 | 10.27 | 9.45 | 8.72 | 8.35 | 9.82 | 0.83 | 0.56 | 0.85 | 0.82 |
ALP (μmol/L) | 4,741 | 48,522 | 5,415 | 4,883 | 5,053 | 4,874 | 270.8 | 0.57 | 0.76 | 0.25 |
UA (μmol/L) | 254.7 | 229.2 | 238.2 | 173.0 | 194.0 | 234.2 | 31.41 | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.22 |
42 d | ||||||||||
ALT (U/L) | 4.77 | 5.24 | 5.20 | 6.08 | 6.42 | 7.03 | 0.70 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.74 |
AST (U/L) | 191.03b | 254.87ab | 292.62a | 255.80ab | 230.27ab | 208.65ab | 21.05 | 0.03 | 0.90 | <0.01 |
TP (g/L) | 30.93 | 30.53 | 28.2 | 24.58 | 27.83 | 28.37 | 2.07 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
ALB (g/L) | 11.47 | 12.33 | 11.22 | 9.7 | 11.68 | 10.82 | 0.57 | 0.053 | 0.17 | 0.48 |
GLU (mmol/L) | 11.33 | 13.3 | 10.84 | 10.42 | 12.00 | 11.04 | 0.85 | 0.23 | 0.45 | 0.85 |
TBiL (μmol/L) | 9.97 | 10.05 | 9.57 | 9.45 | 10.33 | 10.2 | 0.62 | 0.9 | 0.67 | 0.38 |
ALP (μmol/L) | 1,930b | 1,924b | 2,039b | 3,512a | 2,185b | 3,042a | 156.8 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.32 |
UA (μmol/L) | 220.33 | 255.67 | 226.33 | 215.67 | 227.00 | 156.33 | 31.33 | 0.38 | 0.09 | 0.17 |
SEM, standard error of the mean; ANOVA, analysis of variance; ALT, alaine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; GLU, glucose; TBiL, total bilirubin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; UA, uric acid.
1) The experiment applied a corn and soybean-meal based diet which was supplemented with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, or 10% culture media of solid-state fermented Isaria cicadae in phase I (from d 1 to 21) for groups 1 to 6 respectively, and 0%, 1.33%, 2.67%, 4.00%, 5.32%, or 6.67% in phase II (from d 22 to 42) for groups 1 to 6.
Items | Groups1) | SEM | p value | |||||||
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ANOVA | Linear | Quadratic | ||
21 d | ||||||||||
IgA (g/L) | 0.83b | 0.92ab | 1.18a | 1.10a | 0.96ab | 1.06a | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.49 |
IgG (g/L) | 5.63 | 5.68 | 6.36 | 6.09 | 5.97 | 6.07 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.51 |
IgM (g/L) | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.93 | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.16 |
IL-1β (pg/mL) | 47.54b | 50.53ab | 51.61ab | 54.14a | 54.77a | 57.50a | 1.01 | 0.03 | <0.01 | 0.46 |
IFN-γ (pg/mL) | 17.23 | 17.98 | 19.56 | 19.85 | 18.39 | 19.01 | 0.28 | 0.09 | 0.36 | 0.05 |
42 d | ||||||||||
IgA (g/L) | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.22 | 1.10 | 1.18 | 1.15 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.18 |
IgG (g/L) | 7.31 | 7.21 | 7.35 | 7.48 | 7.18 | 7.46 | 1.50 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.24 |
IgM (g/L) | 0.89 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.93 | 1.21 | 0.99 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.25 |
IL-1β (pg/mL) | 58.13b | 59.45b | 60.13b | 61.96ab | 72.51a | 72.49a | 2.25 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.35 |
IFN-γ (pg/mL) | 17.55 | 17.61 | 17.32 | 18.63 | 18.21 | 17.89 | 0.52 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.04 |
SEM, standard error of the mean; ANOVA, analysis of variance; Ig, immunoglobulin; IL-1β, interleukin-1 β; IFN-γ, interferon-γ.
1) The experiment applied a corn and soybean-meal based diet which was supplemented with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, or 10% culture media of solid-state fermented Isaria cicadae in phase I (from d 1 to 21) for groups 1 to 6 respectively, and 0%, 1.33%, 2.67%, 4.00%, 5.32%, or 6.67% in phase II (from d 22 to 42) for groups 1 to 6.
Items | Groups1) | SEM | p value | |||||||
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ANOVA | Linear | Quadratic | ||
21 d | ||||||||||
T-AOC (U/mL) | 3.74d | 4.56cd | 5.17bc | 5.28bc | 6.80ab | 7.91a | 0.36 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.34 |
GSH (μmol/L) | 9.31c | 9.12c | 10.51bc | 11.41ab | 13.85a | 12.98a | 0.58 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.82 |
GSH-Px (U/mL) | 776.14 | 722.75 | 715.67 | 733.51 | 702.82 | 701.23 | 26.54 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.46 |
T-SOD (U/mg) | 320.01b | 319.32b | 370.22a | 379.90a | 398.61a | 390.76a | 13.48 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.18 |
MDA (nmol/mL) | 3.85 | 3.59 | 3.42 | 3.97 | 4.12 | 3.65 | 0.39 | 0.24 | 0.36 | 0.17 |
42 d | ||||||||||
T-AOC (U/mL) | 3.88bc | 4.34ab | 3.59c | 5.45a | 5.31a | 5.74a | 0.35 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.59 |
GSH (μmol/L) | 6.01b | 8.23a | 9.92a | 8.54a | 8.87a | 10.82a | 0.53 | <0.01 | 0.84 | 0.39 |
GSH-Px (U/mL) | 700.32 | 747.18 | 728.54 | 734.87 | 732.54 | 786.60 | 31.03 | 0.89 | 0.63 | 0.87 |
T-SOD (U/mg) | 346.65 | 373.23 | 364.18 | 371.20 | 370.19 | 369.51 | 17.52 | 0.83 | 0.69 | 0.58 |
MDA (nmol/mL) | 3.52 | 3.75 | 3.38 | 3.50 | 3.19 | 3.82 | 0.62 | 0.99 | 0.68 | 0.71 |
SEM, standard error of the mean; ANOVA, analysis of variance; T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity; GSH, glutathione; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; T-SOD, total superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde.
1) The experiment applied a corn and soybean-meal based diet which was supplemented with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, or 10% culture media of solid-state fermented Isaria cicadae in phase I (from d 1 to 21) for groups 1 to 6 respectively, and 0%, 1.33%, 2.67%, 4.00%, 5.32%, or 6.67% in phase II (from d 22 to 42) for groups 1 to 6.
Items | Groups1) | SEM | p value | |||||||
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ANOVA | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Kidney | ||||||||||
T-AOC (U/mg) | 2.06 | 2.09 | 2.03 | 1.83 | 2.26 | 2.14 | 0.19 | 0.73 | 0.67 | 0.50 |
GSH (μmol/g) | 5.44c | 5.43c | 6.20c | 6.13c | 8.49b | 10.67a | 0.49 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
GSH-Px (U/mg) | 547.66c | 696.71bc | 816.95ab | 834.78ab | 875.62a | 885.21a | 41.54 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 |
T-SOD, (U/mg) | 317.18b | 324.23b | 369.67a | 374.30a | 389.61a | 384.86a | <0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 | 0.19 |
MDA (nmol/mL) | 2.16 | 1.95 | 1.76 | 1.58 | 1.46 | 2.04 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 1.30 |
Liver | ||||||||||
T-AOC (U/mg) | 1.69 | 1.76 | 1.80 | 1.81 | 1.69 | 1.78 | 0.08 | 0.83 | 0.75 | 0.51 |
GSH (μmol/g) | 5.63 | 5.86 | 4.73 | 4.94 | 4.97 | 4.29 | 0.55 | 0.36 | 0.05 | 0.99 |
GSH-Px (U/mg) | 847.94ab | 827.28ab | 773.45b | 901.51a | 901.17a | 876.94a | 30.69 | 0.05 | 0.33 | 0.03 |
T-SOD (U/mg) | 362.61 | 375.94 | 348.78 | 365.95 | 367.10 | 377.46 | 17.67 | 0.88 | 0.66 | 0.54 |
MDA (nmol/mL) | 2.16ab | 2.17ab | 2.79a | 2.37ab | 2.08b | 2.28ab | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.94 | 0.07 |
SEM, standard error of the mean; ANOVA, analysis of variance; T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity; GSH, glutathione; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; T-SOD, total superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde.
1) The experiment applied a corn and soybean-meal based diet which was supplemented with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, or 10% culture media of solid-state fermented Isaria cicadae in phase I (from d 1 to 21) for groups 1 to 6 respectively, and 0%, 1.33%, 2.67%, 4.00%, 5.32%, or 6.67% in phase II (from d 22 to 42) for groups 1 to 6.
Items1) | Groups2) | SEM | p value | |||||||
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ANOVA | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Breast muscle | ||||||||||
L* | 49.73 | 51.06 | 51.80 | 52.32 | 51.81 | 50.81 | 1.10 | 0.62 | 0.24 | 0.03 |
a* | 12.80b | 12.87b | 13.37b | 14.77ab | 16.04a | 13.86b | 0.71 | 0.02 | 0.33 | 0.03 |
b* | 10.54 | 8.87 | 10.62 | 9.72 | 11.01 | 10.03 | 0.69 | 0.33 | 0.58 | 0.79 |
pH45min | 6.96a | 6.63b | 6.61b | 6.77ab | 6.80ab | 6.76ab | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.67 | 0.04 |
pH24h | 6.23 | 6.22 | 6.22 | 6.28 | 6.30 | 6.34 | 0.05 | 0.42 | 0.07 | 0.44 |
Shear force (N) | 16.46a | 18.29a | 12.35b | 12.69b | 12.22b | 15.47ab | 1.06 | <0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 |
Drip loss% | 11.20a | 8.56ab | 6.54b | 7.53b | 5.43b | 6.51b | 0.77 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 |
Leg muscle | ||||||||||
L* | 48.12 | 50.00 | 48.42 | 47.48 | 47.77 | 47.62 | 0.98 | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.92 |
a* | 4.34 | 3.92 | 3.34 | 4.52 | 4.99 | 3.72 | 0.58 | 0.41 | 0.83 | 0.57 |
b* | 11.17 | 9.78 | 8.31 | 8.90 | 9.25 | 8.65 | 0.65 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.10 |
pH45min | 6.78 | 6.70 | 6.56 | 6.73 | 7.07 | 6.82 | 0.15 | 0.32 | 0.20 | 0.84 |
pH24h | 6.62 | 6.60 | 6.68 | 6.67 | 6.60 | 6.52 | 0.06 | 0.59 | 0.22 | 0.18 |
Shear force (N) | 12.91 | 13.83 | 12.26 | 12.91 | 12.26 | 16.08 | 1.06 | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.08 |
Drip loss% | 12.51a | 8.17ab | 5.31b | 7.66b | 5.13b | 5.30b | 1.06 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.02 |
2) The experiment applied a corn and soybean-meal based diet which was supplemented with 0, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% or 10% culture media of solid-state fermented Isaria cicadae in phase I (from d 1 to 21) for groups 1 to 6 respectively, and 0, 1.33%, 2.67%, 4.00%, 5.32%, or 6.67% in phase II (from d 22 to 42) for groups 1 to 6.